SpaceX has published Elon Musk's presentation about colonizing Mars - here's the full transcript and slides

So the great thing about going to space is there's no friction, so once you're out of the atmosphere, it will be as smooth as silk — no turbulence, nothing. There's no weather. There's no atmosphere. And you can get to most long distance places, like I said, in less than half an hour. And if we're building this thing to go the moon and Mars, then why not go to other places on Earth as well?

Alright, thank you.

But there's something else. If you build a ship that's capable of going to Mars, what if you take that same ship, and go from one place to another on Earth? So we looked at that, and the results are quite interesting.

[Comments made during video: We're traveling at 27,000 kilometers per hour, or roughly 18,000 miles an hour. This is where the propulsive landing becomes very important, to get it right.]

Most of what people consider to be long-distance trips would be completed in less than half an hour.

I think that's quite a beautiful picture. And on the prior slide, it's interesting to note on Mars, dawn and dusk are blue — the sky is blue during dawn and dusk, and red during the day — it's the opposite of Earth.

Then build up the base, starting with one ship, then multiple ships, then start building up the city, then making the city bigger... and even bigger. And over time terraforming Mars, and making it really a nice place to be. [Audience member: "You can do it, Elon!"] Thanks!

So then in 2024 we want to try to fly four ships, two of which would be crewed — two cargo and two crew. The goal of these initial missions is to find the best source of water — that's for the first mission. And then for the second mission, the goal is to build the propellant plant.

So we should, particularly with six ships, have plenty of landed mass to construct the propellant depot, which will consist of a large array of solar panels — very large array — and then everything necessary to mine and refine water, and then draw the CO2 out of the atmosphere, and then create and store deep-cryo CH4 and O2.

That's not a typo, although it is aspirational. So we've already started building the system. The tooling for the main tanks has been ordered, the facility is being built. We will start construction of the first ship around the second quarter of next year, so in about six to nine months we should start building the first ship.

I feel fairly confident that we can complete the ship and be ready for a launch I about five years. Five years seems like a long time to me. The area under the curve of resources over that period of time should enable this timeframe to be met, but if not this timeframe I think pretty soon thereafter. But that's our goal, is to try to make the 2022 Mars rendezvous. The Earth-Mars synchronization happens roughly every two years. So every two years, there's an opportunity to fly to Mars.

But because Mars has an atmosphere, albeit not a particularly dense one, you can remove almost all of the energy aerodynamically. And we've proven out supersonic retro-propulsion many times with Falcon 9, so we feel very comfortable about that. You can see it's sort of a mesh system, it's not designed to be particularly pretty, but the size of the cone gives you a rough approximation for how much thrust the engines are producing.

And I'll show you the — so this is a true physics simulation, this will last about a minute, so you come in, you're entering very quickly, you're going about 7.5 kilometers a second. For Mars, there will be some ablation of the heat shield. So it's just like a sort of brake pad wearing away. It is a multi-use heat shield, but unlike for Earth operations, it's coming in hot enough that you will see some wear of the heat shield.

So we'd start off by sending a mission to Mars, where it would obviously be just landing on rocky ground or dusty ground, and it's the same approach that I mentioned before which is you send the spaceship up to orbit, you re-tank or refill it until it has full tanks, and it travels to Mars, lands on Mars.

For Mars you will need local propellant production. But Mars has a CO2 atmosphere, and plenty of water ice, that gives you CO2 and H2O, you can therefore make CH4 and O2 using the Sabatier process. Probably the Sabatier process.

I should mention that long-term, this can also be done on Earth. I get some criticism for "why are you using combustion in rockets and you have electric cars? Isn't there some way to make an electric rocket?" I wish there was. But in the long term, you can use solar power to extract CO2 from the atmosphere, combine it with water, and produce fuel and oxygen for the rocket.

So the same thing that we do on Mars, we can do on Earth in the long term. But that's essentially what happens, similar to the moon, you land on Mars, but the tricky thing with Mars is we do need to build a propellant depot to refill the tanks and return to Earth. But because Mars has lower gravity than Earth, you do not need a booster.

So you go all the way from the surface of Mars to the surface of Earth, just using the ship, albeit you need to go to max payload number about 20-50 tons for the return journey to work. But it's a single stage, all the way back to Earth.

And then of course Mars, and becoming a multi-planet species. Beats the hell out of being a single-planet species.

That would enable the creation of Moon Base Alpha, or some sort of lunar base. Quite captivating. You can also see, for example, how you transfer cargo from the cargo bay down to the ground is a crane — it's not very complicated [...] It's 2017. I mean, we should have a lunar base by now. What the hell's going on?

It can also go much further than that, like for example the moon. Based on the calculations we’ve done, we can actually do lunar surface missions, with no propellant production on the surface of the moon. So if we do a high elliptic parking orbit for the ship, and re-tank in high-elliptic orbit, we can go all the way to the moon, and back, with no local propellant production on the moon.

It's also intended to be able to service the space station, I know it looks a little big relative to the space station, but the shuttle also looked big, so it'll work. Looks a little outsized but it'll work. It'll be capable of doing what Dragon does today, in terms of transporting cargo, and what Dragon 2 will do, in terms of transporting crew and cargo.

So going to the satellites portion, the size of this being a nine-meter diameter vehicle is a huge enabler for new satellites. We can actually send something that is almost nine meters in diameter to orbit. So for example, if you wanted to do a new Hubble, you could send a mirror that has 10 times the surface area of the current Hubble, as a single unit — it doesn't have to unfold or anything. Or you could send a large number of small satellites.

You can actually also go around and, if you wanted to, collect old satellites or clean up space debris, you could just sort of use chomper over there and collect satellites and space debris... That may be something we have to do in the future. That fairing would open up and retract and come back down. It enables launching of Earth satellites that are significantly larger than anything that we've done before, or significantly more satellites at a time than anything that's been done before.

So then getting back to the question of how do we pay for this system, this is really quite a profound — I won't call it breakthrough, but realization that if we can build a system that cannibalizes our own products, makes our own products redundant, then all of the resources, which are quite enormous, that are used for Falcon 9, Heavy, and Dragon, can be applied to one system.

Some of our customers are conservative and they want to see BFR fly several times before they're comfortable launching in it, so what we plan to do is to build ahead, and have a stock of Falcon 9 and Dragon vehicles, so that customers can be comfortable if they want to use the old rocket, the old spacecraft, they can do that, we'll have a bunch in stock. But then all of our resources will then turn towards building BFR. And we believe that we can do this with the revenue we receive for launching satellites and for servicing the space station.

However, if you send up tankers and refill in orbit, you could refill the tanks up all the way to the top, and get 150 tons all the way to Mars.

And if the tanker has high reuse capability, then you're just paying for the cost of propellant. The cost of oxygen is extremely low, and the cost of methane is extremely low. So if that's all you're dealing with, the cost of refilling your spaceship on orbit is tiny, and you can get 150 tons all the way to Mars. So automated rendezvous, and docking, and refilling, absolutely fundamental.

Now I want to talk about the value of orbital refilling. This is also extremely important. If you just fly BFR to orbit and don't do any refilling, it's pretty good — you'll get 150 tons to low earth orbit, and have no fuel to go anywhere else.

But here's the really important fundamental point. Let's look at the launch cost. The order reverses.

At first glance, this may seem ridiculous. But it's not. The same is true of aircraft. If you bought, say, a small single-engine turboprop aircraft, that would be $1.5 to $2 million. To charter a 747 from California to Australia is half a million dollars — there and back. The single-engine turboprop can't even get to Australia. So a fully reusable giant aircraft like the 747 costs a third as much as an expendable tiny aircraft. In one case you have to build an entire aircraft, in the other case you just have to refuel something.

It's really crazy that we build these sophisticated rockets and then crash them every time we fly — this is mad! I can't emphasize how profound this is, and how important reusability is. And often I'll be told "yeah, but you get more payload if you made it expendable." I say yes — you could also get more payload from an aircraft if you get rid of the landing gear and the flaps, and just parachuted out when you got to your destination — but that would be crazy, and you would sell zero aircraft. So reusability is absolutely fundamental.

So going to rocket capability, This gives you sort of a rough sense of rocket capability, starting off at the low end with a half ton, going up to BFR, with 150. So I think it's important to note that BFR has more capability than Saturn V, even with full reusability.

And then for refilling, we just saw the two ships would actually mate at the rear section. They would use the same mating interface that they use to connect to the booster on liftoff. So we would reuse that mating interface, and reuse the propellant fill lines that are used when the ship is on the booster.

And then to transfer propellant it becomes very simple: You use control thrusters to accelerate in the direction that you want to empty. So in this direction, the propellant goes that way, and you transfer the propellant very easily from the tanker to the ship.

Then the engine section. The ship engine section consists of four vacuum Raptor engines and two sea-level engines. All six engines are capable of gimbaling. The engines with the high-expansion ratio have a relatively small gimbal area/gimbal range, and a slower gimbal rate. The two center engines have a very high gimbal range and can gimbal very quickly. And you can land the ship with either one of the two center engines.

So when you come in for a landing, it will light both engines, but if one of the center engines fails at any point, it will land successfully with the other engine. And then within each engine there's a great deal of redundancy. So we want the landing risk to be as close to zero as possible. And there's some basic stats about the engines [...].

Now, this is version one. Over time, there's potential to increase that specific impulse by five to 10 seconds, and as was mentioned also increase the chamber pressure by 50 bar or so.

Then going to the main body of the vehicle... the center body area, this is where the propellant is located. And this is sub-cooled methane and oxygen. As you chill the methane and oxygen below its liquid point, you get a fairly meaningful density increase — you get on the order of 10% to 12% density increase, which makes quite a big difference for the propellant load. So you'd expect to carry 240 tons of CH4 and 860 tons of oxygen.

In the fuel tank are header tanks. So when you come in for a landing, your orientation may change quite significantly, so you can't have the propellant just sloshing all over in main tanks — you have to have the header tanks, that can feed the main engines with precision. That's what you see in the fuel tank.

Let's look at a couple of things in detail.

The cargo area has a pressurized volume of 825 cubic meters. This also is greater than the pressurized [volume] of an A380. It really is capable of carrying a tremendous amount of payload. In a Mars-transit configuration, you'd essentially be taking three months in a really good scenario, but maybe as much as six months — some number of months — you'd probably want a cabin, and not just a seat.

So the Mars-transit configuration consists of 40 cabins, and it sort of depends on... You could conceivably have five or six people per cabin, if you really wanted to crowd people in, but I think mostly we would expect to see two or three people per cabin, and so nominally about 100 people per flight to Mars. And then there's a central storage area and galley, and a solar storm shelter, an entertainment area, and I think probably a good situation for at least BFR version one.

I'll go into each of these items in detail.

You've got the engine section in the rear, the propellant tanks in the middle, and then a large payload bay in the front. That payload bay's actually 8 stories tall. In fact you can fit a whole stack of Falcon 1 rockets in the payload bay. Compared to the design I showed last time, you can see that there's a small delta wing at the back of the rocket.

The reason for that is in order to expand the mission envelope of the BFR spaceship. Depending on whether you're landing on a planet or a moon that has no atmosphere, a thin atmosphere, or a dense atmosphere, and depending on whether you're reentering with no payload in the front, a small payload, or a heavy payload, you have to balance the rocket out as it's coming in.

So the delta wing at the back, which also includes a split flap for pitch and roll control allows us to control the pitch angle despite having a wide range of payloads in the nose and a wide range of atmospheric densities. We were trying to avoid having to have the delta wing, but it was necessary in order to generalize the capability of the spaceship such that it could land anywhere in the solar system.

Just the basics about the ship - 48-meter length, dry mass we're expecting to be about 85 tons, technically our design says about 75 tons, but inevitably there's mass growth. That ship will contain 1,100 tons of propellant, with an ascent design of 150 tons and return mass of 50 [tons]. You can think of this as essentially combining the upper stage of the rocket with Dragon — it's like the Falcon 9 upper stage and Dragon were combined.

With BFR you can get a sense of scale by looking at the tiny person there. It's really quite a big vehicle. The main body diameter is about nine meters or 30 feet. The booster is lifted by 31 Raptor engines that produce a thrust of about 5,400 tons, lifting a 4,400-ton vehicle straight up.

And we are now beginning serious development of BFR. So you can see the payload difference is quite dramatic.

BFR in fully reusable configuration, without any orbital refueling, we expect to have a payload capability of 150 tons to low-Earth orbit, and that compares to about 30 for Falcon Heavy, which is partially reusable. Where this really makes a tremendous difference is in the cost, which I'll come to in some of the later slides.

And hopefully towards the end of this year we'll be launching Falcon Heavy. Falcon Heavy ended up being a much more complex program than we thought. It sounds easy, it sounds like it should be easy because it's two first stages of Falcon 9's strapped on as boosters. It's actually not — we had to redesign almost everything except the upper stage in order to take the increased loads. So Falcon Heavy ended up being much more a new vehicle than we realized. So it took us a lot longer to get it done, but the boosters have all now been tested, and they're on their way to Cape Canaveral.

But it's really quite small compared to Falcon 9. So Falcon 9, particularly when [you] factor in payload, Falcon 9 is many times more — on the order of 30 times more payload — than Falcon 1. And Falcon 9 has reuse of the primary booster, which is the most expensive part of the rocket, and hopefully soon reuse of the fairing, the nosecone at the front. We think we can probably get to somewhere between 70% and 80% reusability with the Falcon 9 system.

So Falcon 1, this is where we started out. A lot of people really only heard of SpaceX only relatively recently. So they may think Falcon 9 and Dragon instantly appeared and that's how it always was. But it wasn't. We started with just a few people, who really didn't know how to make rockets.

The reason I ended up being the chief engineer or chief designer was not because I wanted to, it's because I couldn't hire anyone; nobody good would join. It ended up being that by default. I messed up the first three launches, the first three launches failed. Fortunately the fourth launch — that was the last money that we had — the fourth launch worked, or that would have been it for SpaceX. But fate liked us that day. So the fourth launch worked.

Just think: Today is the ninth anniversary of that launch. I didn't realize that until I was told that just earlier today. This is a pretty emotional day, actually. Falcon 1 was quite a small rocket. When we were doing Falcon 1, we were trying to figure out what is the smallest useful payload that we could get to orbit. We thought, "ok, something around half a ton to orbit," that could launch a decent-size satellite.

The next thing... A key technology is automated rendezvous and docking.

In order to re-tank or refill the spaceship in orbit, you have to be able to rendezvous and dock with the spaceship with very high precision, and transfer propellant. That's one of the things that we've perfected with Dragon. Dragon [2] will do an automated rendezvous and docking without any pilot control, to the Space Station. Dragon 1 currently uses the Canadarm for final placement onto the Space Station. Dragon 2, which launches next year, will not need to use the Canadarm. Dragon 2 will directly dock with the Space Station, and it can do so with zero human intervention — just press "Go", and it will dock.

Dragon has also allowed us to perfect heat shield technology. When you enter at high velocity, you melt almost anything. The reason meteors reach Earth is because they melt or disintegrate before they reach the ground, unless they're very big. So you have to have a sophisticated heat shield technology that can withstand unbelievably high temperatures. And that's what we've been perfecting with Dragon. And also a key part of any planet-colonizing system.

And it can also land with very high precision. In fact, we believe the precision at this point is good enough for propulsive landing that we do not need legs for the next version. It will land with so much precision that it will land back on its launch mounts.

The launch rate is also increasing exponentially. Particularly when you take refilling on-orbit into account, and taking the idea of establishing a self-sustaining base on Mars or the moon or elsewhere seriously, you need thousands of ships, and tens of thousands of re-tanking or re-refilling operations, which means that you need many launches per day. In terms of how many landings are occurring, you really need to be looking at your watch, not your calendar. So while this is quite a high launch rate here, by conventional standards, it's still a every small launch rate compared to what will ultimately be needed.

For those who are unfamiliar with how many orbital launches occur every year, it's approximately 60 orbital launches occur per year. Which means if SpaceX does do something like 30 launches next year, it'll be approximately half of all orbital launches that occur on Earth.

The next key element is propulsive landing. So in order to land on places like the moon, where there is no atmosphere and certainly no runways, or to land on Mars, where the atmosphere is too thin to land — even if there were runways — to land with a wing, you really have to get propulsive landing perfect. So that's what we've been practicing with Falcon 9.

So this is just a series of landing videos... it's quite mesmerizing. But we now have 16 successful landings in a row [ibid. 12 in a row, though 16 total successful landings] — and that's really without any redundancy. So Falcon 9 lands on a single engine — the final landing is always done with a single engine, whereas BFR will always have multi-engine-out capability.

If you can get to a very high reliability with even a single engine, and then you can land with either of two engines, I think we can get to a landing reliability that is on par with the safest commercial airliners. So you can essentially count on the landing.

The next key element is on the engine side: We have to have an extremely efficient engine. The Raptor engine will be the highest thrust to weight ratio of any kind of engine ever made. We already have now 1,200 seconds of firing across 42 main engine tests. We've fired it for 100 seconds — it could fire much longer than 100 seconds, that's just the size of the test tanks.

The duration of the firing you see right now is about 40 seconds, which is the length of the firing for landing on Mars. The test engine currently operates at 200 atmospheres, or 200 bar. The flight engine will be at 250 bar, and we believe that over time we can get that to a little over 300 bar.

So we tested it. We successfully tested it up to its design pressure — and then went a little further. So we wanted to see where it would break, and we found out. It shot about 300 feet into the air and landed in the ocean — we fished it out.

We've now got a pretty good sense of what it takes to create a huge carbon fiber tank that can hold cryogenic liquid. That's actually extremely important for making a light spaceship.

Last time you saw the giant tank — that's actually a 12-meter tank. It's 1,000 cubic meters of volume inside. That's actually more pressurized volume than an [Airbus] A380, to put that into perspective.

We developed a new carbon fiber matrix that's much stronger and more capable at cryo than anything before, and it holds 1,200 tons of liquid oxygen.

So let's see what progress have we made in this direction.

So let me go into more detail on becoming a multi-planet species. This is the updated design for the — well, we're sort of searching for the right name, but the code name, at least, is BFR [Big F---ing Rocket]. Probably the most important thing that I want to convey in this presentation is that I think we have figured out how to pay for it. This is very important.

In last year's presentation, we were really searching for what the right way... how do we pay for this thing? We went through various ideas, Kickstarter, collecting underpants, these didn't pan out. But now we think we've got a way to do it, which is to have a smaller vehicle — it's still pretty big — but one that can do everything that's needed in the greater-Earth-orbit activity. So essentially we want to make our current vehicles redundant. We want to have one system, one booster and ship, that replaces Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy, and Dragon.

If we can do that, then all the resources that are used for Falcon 9, Heavy, and Dragon can be applied to this system. That's really fundamental.

I'm going to talk more about what it takes to become a multi-planet species. And just a brief refresher on why this is important: I think fundamentally the future is vastly more exciting and interesting if we're a space-faring civilization and a multi-planet species than if we're not.

You want to be inspired by things. You want to wake up in the morning and think "the future's going to be great". And that's what being a space-faring civilization is all about. It's about believing in the future and thinking that the future will be better than the past. And I can't think of anything more exciting than going out there and being among the stars. That's why.

Source: Business Insider India